Much of a woman's knowledge of how pregnancy begins ends at the stage of ovulation and fertilization. Actually, the success or failure of the planning cycle is attributed to the fateful "meeting" of male and female germ cells. However, in the development of a new life in the body of a woman, there is another difficult and important point - embryo implantation. In order to increase the personal literacy of planning ladies, this issue should be given special attention.

A bit of theory

Implementation fertilized egg into the uterus called implantation. The villi of the embryo penetrate the lining of the uterus, which can cause minor bleeding.

In order for implantation to be successful, several conditions must be met at once:

• lush three-layer endometrium with a high content of substances that nourish the embryo;
• high amount of progesterone in the body (so that the embryo can develop and menstruation does not begin);
• normal microflora in the body.

The process of fertilization and development of the fetal egg- not one-time. And each of its stages is important for the onset of a normal pregnancy and the formation of a healthy fetus.

Timing of implantation

After ovulation and the meeting of the egg with the sperm, the fertilized zygote begins to move through the fallopian tubes. Her task is to get into the uterus as quickly as possible in order to gain a foothold in the endometrium specially prepared for this. On the way, the zygote continuously divides and grows. In stage blastocyte implantation and happens.

It is conditionally possible to distinguish middle, late and early implantation.

• Early. It occurs quite rarely. Usually, implantation is considered early if it occurs 6-7 days after ovulation (or 3dpo - 4dpo when it comes to IVF
• Average. 7-10 days pass between fertilization and implantation ( embryo implantation after transfer comes around 4-5 days). Doctors say that the introduction of morula takes about 40 hours, after which the body begins to produce the hormone hCG in the blood, it rises basal body temperature. Based on this, the so-called. the embryonic period of development, which lasts until about 8 weeks of gestation.
• Late. It occurs approximately 10 days after fertilization. This is what always gives women even a slight, but hope for a possible pregnancy - even when you almost do not expect it.

If pregnancy does not occur for a long time, then you need to be examined to identify the cause of infertility.

Subjective and objective signs

Both in the natural and in the artificial cycle, women are very excited and want to quickly open the veil of secrecy - is there a pregnancy or not? They start collecting symptoms and sensations, trying to find in their well-being some kind of relationship with reality. Experts took as a basis a simple classification, according to which all signs can be divided into subjective and objective.

Subjective:

• pulls the stomach;
• discharge;
• mood changes, emotional lability;
• tingling in the uterus after ovulation;
• feeling tired, etc.

Girls may even point out that after IVF, the stomach hurts like before menstruation. In this case, while there is no clear certainty, such pain may indicate both the onset of pregnancy due to successful implantation, and the approaching end of the cycle - and the beginning of a new one.

Objective:

• the basal temperature rises after the transfer (after a slight retraction in the natural cycle);
• body temperature after transfer can also increase from 37 to 37.9 degrees;
• detection of hCG hormone in urine and blood.

In this case, it is necessary to distinguish between the levels of pain, the abundance and saturation of secretions, an increase in body temperature. Sometimes what passes for implantation of the ovum signs are symptoms of some other disease. If you are in doubt whether your feeling 5 dpo signs fetal implantation or not, it is better to consult a doctor.

Embryo development by days after IVF

If everything is more or less clear with the natural cycle, then the question on what day does the implantation of the embryo occur in a successful protocol remains open. We bring to your attention a table by day:

0 DPP - transfer ( cryotransfer)

1DPP- the blastocyte comes out of the shell

2DPP- attachment of blastocytes to the wall of the uterus

3DPP- implantation begins

4DPP- Implantation of the morula into the uterus continues

5DPP- end of implantation

6DPP- the placenta begins to produce hCG

7DPP- an active increase in the level of hCG

8DPP- HCG continues to rise

9DPP-10 DPP- HCG levels reach the minimum of pregnancy tests

About Day 11 ( 11-12 DPP) after the transfer, it is possible to draw conclusions about whether it was successful IVF.

We trust nature

Women re-read tons of literature, trying to find the very ones 5 dpo feeling or 6 dpo sensations, which would indicate implantation and, accordingly, the onset of pregnancy. Actually, to worry about whether it worked out or not, expectant mothers begin to 3 DPO.

This question equally excites girls who have undergone IVF. supposed embryo implantation after IVF They try to catch by minimal changes in the body and well-being. The Internet is full of requests, like " 5 dpo three days», « 4 dpp five days ", « 7 dpo five days with which women look for positive stories.

A bitter disappointment is the absence of even a hint of a second strip on Day 8 or period after embryo transfer. But in fact, the answer to the question of whether why the embryo does not take root, may be an objective situation of natural selection. The unviable fetus was rejected, giving way to healthy offspring.

In fairness, it should be noted that if such rejection is repeated constantly, then this is an occasion for a full medical examination. The reason for the failure of a long-awaited pregnancy may be male infertility.

Implantation is a critical point, because a blastocyte is perceived by a woman's body as a foreign object, due to the presence of male genes in the cell. The speedy and successful introduction into the endometrium and the onset of a normal healthy pregnancy depend on how well the defense mechanisms of this cell work.

About brown discharge after embryo transfer (replanting) in IVF protocols

Most types of discharge after embryo transfer during in vitro fertilization are caused by changes occurring in the uterine cavity.

Brown discharge after embryo transfer are of blood origin. This is altered blood that has flowed from the endometrium and traveled from the uterus, through the cervix, into the vagina. Often it takes the form of brown streaks or blotches.

How dangerous is brown discharge after embryo transfer

Approximately 50% of women who have undergone successful IVF protocols experience their appearance. The brown color of the discharge does not confirm the absence of pregnancy. The source may be a damaged vessel of small diameter in the implantation fossa.

Important! Discharge after embryo transfer in a successful protocol may be brown. You need to know and remember that medical support prescribed after the transfer cannot be canceled on your own.

Why brown discharge appears after IVF

Up to 14 days after the transfer, the appearance of brown discharge is considered as a variant of the norm. In most cases, they are a symptom of embryo implantation.

But this does not mean that brown discharge can be ignored after the transfer. Their appearance should be reported to the doctor immediately. In addition to the fact of their appearance, pay attention to their number and smell. A favorable sign for pregnancy is their small amount in the form of daub or streaks and the absence of smell. Often the discharge of this color is accompanied by a pulling pain in the abdomen.

On what day after the embryo transfer in the IVF protocol is the appearance of spotting discharge likely?

The time of appearance of signs of implantation bleeding in the form of brown discharge depends on and . Normally, implantation is initiated 5–6 days after the fertilization process, after. But in medicine there are such concepts as early and late implantation.

Causes of appearance after 14 DPP and later

at 14 DPP and later arise due to such reasons:

• Stopping the development of an already implanted embryo in the uterine cavity. This may be due to, which was formed during fertilization.
• Insufficient support. Its timely correction is your responsibility. If you and the reproductologist cannot influence the previous reason, then in this case it all depends on your promptness. Timely measures taken are the key to maintaining the onset of pregnancy.
• Rejection of a frozen embryo. This condition requires urgent surgical treatment, there is a high probability of uterine bleeding and infection with the development of inflammation.

What to do

When the color of the discharge changes, the first thing to do is to notify your reproductologist in any convenient way. Timely diagnosis will help to avoid possible failure in the protocol, for example, in case of insufficient support for the luteal phase.

The most necessary research in this case is an ultrasound. With the help of the study, you can find out what happens in the uterus - implantation or rejection of the embryo. Depending on the result of the ultrasound examination, therapy is prescribed. Its type (outpatient or inpatient) and the choice of drugs depend on the results obtained on ultrasound.

Attention! A change in the color of vaginal discharge from light cream to deep brown may be due to the use of hormonal drugs prescribed to support the second phase of the cycle - progesterone drugs.

Forecast

Brown discharge after embryo transfer can be a good and bad prognostic sign of the development of pregnancy after IVF. When they appear, you should take action and inform the doctor. The outcome of IVF depends on the timeliness of the measures taken.

Unfortunately, not all women can experience the joy of motherhood without resorting to doctors for help. Some of them, in order to become pregnant, need to undergo complex and sometimes expensive procedures, among which IVF (in vitro fertilization) can be distinguished. During it, an artificially fertilized egg in the laboratory is transplanted into the uterine cavity and, naturally, the introduction of a foreign element causes a certain reaction in the body. In some cases, the embryo takes root normally, and sometimes not. And a very important indicator of a successful procedure is the discharge after IVF. And a woman needs to constantly monitor their character. After all, if the body begins to reject the egg, they immediately change, which requires an immediate visit to the doctor, otherwise pregnancy will not occur.

Signs of successful in vitro fertilization

Artificial transplantation of the embryo into the uterus occurs only 2-5 days after the egg is successfully fertilized in the laboratory. But, if during a normal pregnancy in the female body all the necessary hormones begin to be produced independently, which ensure the implantation of the embryo into the uterus and support its further development, then during artificial insemination, the natural production of these hormones in the body does not occur. Therefore, before an embryo transfer, doctors prescribe a course of hormone therapy to the woman, which allows her body to prepare for the acceptance of the egg.

And it is precisely on how well the preparation was made that the attachment of the embryo to the walls of the uterus occurs within 7–14 days after its introduction. And if this process is successful, the woman may experience mild pink or brown discharge. They indicate that the embryo is attached to the walls of the uterus and nothing threatens the further course of pregnancy. The implantation period takes about 40-48 hours and during that time the woman may have a red or brown spot.

At the same time, approximately on the 12th day after a successful protocol, the expectant mother has:

• Pain in the lower abdomen of a pulling nature.
• General malaise.
• Taste of iron in the mouth.
• Frequent mood swings.
• Increased irritability.
• Change in taste preferences.

Important! The main sign that artificial insemination was successful is an increase in subfebrile temperature to 37.0-37.3 degrees.

However, before the fertilized egg attaches to the walls of the uterus, the first few days after embryo transfer during IVF, a completely different clinical picture is observed. The woman's well-being remains unchanged, and during the first 5-6 days after the procedure, the nature of her discharge is as follows - they are transparent, can be liquid (watery) or mucous, have no odor and do not cause irritation in the intimate area. In general, they remain the same as before IVF. The only difference can only be in their volume - the discharge after transfer to the uterus of the embryo becomes more abundant.

A week after artificial insemination, the nature of the vaginal discharge changes again. They become much thicker and take on a creamy texture. Allocations can remain transparent or white. This is also the norm and should not cause a woman to worry.

Brown vaginal secretion

As already mentioned, brown discharge after embryo transfer on days 7–14 is quite natural. But what can their occurrence indicate at earlier or later dates? The appearance of a light or dark brown daub two or three days after IVF indicates that the woman did not tolerate the procedure well. The uterus was not fully prepared to receive the embryo and the appearance of such secretions may indicate a miscarriage.

If it begins to smear at a later date, for example, at the seventh or ninth week of pregnancy, then this indicates placental abruption, which also poses a serious threat to the further development of the fetus and leads to its death. In this case, the daub is always accompanied by pulling pains in the abdomen and a general deterioration in well-being. In this case, in order to avoid spontaneous miscarriage, a woman must necessarily undergo a course of medical therapy in a hospital.

Bloody discharge

More often, a vaginal secret by the type of menstruation appears after cryotransfer - the introduction into the uterine cavity of an embryo that was previously frozen. Such embryos take root extremely rarely, and therefore, after cryotransfer, many have abundant bleeding, indicating rejection of the fertilized egg by the body. This can happen on the third or fifth day after the procedure or later.

In addition, bleeding from the vagina after in vitro fertilization may indicate:

• Frozen pregnancy.
• Strong hormonal disorders in the body.
• A sharp drop in progesterone levels.

In any case, the appearance of bloody discharge, even in a small amount, after artificial insemination should alert the woman. Especially if serious pathologies were previously diagnosed. After all, because of them, she may not tolerate the procedure well and lose the chance to become a happy mother. And to avoid this, any ailments and changes in the nature of the vaginal secretion should be a serious reason for contacting a specialist.

What else are the discharge after artificial insemination?

Before an embryo transfer is performed, a woman is prescribed a five-day period of hormone therapy, during which eggs are “grown” on her ovaries. During their collection, special tools are used, and if they are poorly sterilized or sanitary standards were violated during the procedure, this leads to infection of the genitals. In practice, this is rarely recorded, but the risks still exist. If infection has occurred, then they are indicated by sudden yellow or green discharge with an unpleasant odor, causing severe discomfort in the perineum.

Also, in many women, on the background of hormone therapy, thrush begins to worsen. It is characterized by white curdled discharge with a sour smell, which also cause severe itching in the intimate area.

With all these conditions, it is required to take a course of antifungal or antibacterial drugs even before the embryo is replanted. Otherwise, the infection will penetrate into the uterine cavity and provoke the death of the embryo.

IVF and its risks

IVF is a very complex and serious procedure. It doesn't always go well. And the main sign that something has gone wrong is the appearance of bloody discharge, smoothly flowing into bleeding and accompanied by severe pain in the abdomen. In the presence of such symptoms, a consultation with a gynecologist and an embryologist is necessary, since such a clinical picture indicates an unsuccessful implantation of the embryo or the patient has serious pathologies that began to develop after the course of hormone therapy.

Common complications after IVF are the following conditions:

1. Miscarriage. It usually occurs in the early stages of pregnancy, at 4-6 weeks of the embryonic period, when an analysis for the determination of hCG already shows a positive result. When a woman has a miscarriage, profuse bleeding, abdominal cramps and general malaise are observed. In addition, a bloody vaginal secretion may indicate the development of a frozen or ectopic pregnancy. And in order to identify the pathology in time and undergo the appropriate course of treatment, after the introduction of the embryo into the uterus, the woman needs to stay in the hospital for some time and follow all the doctor's recommendations.
2. OHSS (ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome). A common complication of IVF. The occurrence of this condition occurs during the passage of a five-day course of hormone therapy before egg collection. It is accompanied not only by the release of blood from the cervical canal, but also by the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, periodic bouts of vomiting, diarrhea, etc. OHSS is a dangerous condition that requires immediate treatment, otherwise the woman becomes infertile and repeated IVF will be impossible.
3. Torsion of the ovary. Another dangerous condition that occurs after egg retrieval. It is characterized by an increase in the appendage, and we twist its legs, as a result, fluid begins to accumulate inside and necrotic processes develop in it. All this is accompanied not only by spotting, but also by severe pain in the left or right side of the abdomen.

To avoid serious consequences after in vitro fertilization, a woman needs to prepare in advance for this procedure. She will need to give up bad habits, switch to a healthy diet and cure all existing diseases. And after the embryo is introduced into the uterine cavity, she needs to carefully monitor her well-being and, with the slightest deviation from the norm, immediately go to the doctor.

Due to IVF, many children have already been born into the world, but many women who decide to take such a step are worried about whether menstruation after embryo transfer is dangerous? It is difficult to say for sure, and it is necessary to pass an hCG analysis. Of course, periods after IVF may not be periods at all, but bleeding, which is bad. There are also spotting discharges on the 6-8th day after replanting, which indicates the instability of the hormonal background, but still successful conception, the discharge indicates the attachment of the fetus to the walls of the endometrium. IVF is similar to the symptoms of pregnancy, that is, when they mean that menstruation occurs at conception, as it were, through the fetus, then this also happens after the embryo transfer.

Yet, when deciding to undergo IVF, women have to face many difficulties. A lot of time is devoted to preparing for the procedure, the treatment. The hormonal background is unstable and synthetic substances, when entering the body, of course, can lead to a cycle failure. Although, when menstruation appears before embryo transfer, the procedure should be postponed, since the endometrium must return to normal, that is, be loose and rather thick in order for the embryo to be well fixed. A woman should gain strength and patience before a long and not always justifying procedure.

Discomfort and the appearance of menstruation often occur on the 7-8th day after the replanting of the embryo. But it's too early to panic. Smearing like this does not always mean a lack of success. Doctors recommend listening to your body in the first days after IVF and, of course, in addition to believing in luck, do not burden yourself with physical work, have more rest, put aside sex life for a while.

What happens when an embryo implants in the uterine cavity?

After replanting the embryo, the woman in the first weeks remains under the supervision of doctors in order to avoid harming the process itself while staying at home in excessive anxiety and fear that suddenly nothing will work out. But women's fears are not always justified.

Exactly on the 8-9th day after the replanting of the embryo, heavy bleeding may begin, which only speaks of the implantation (fixing) of the embryos. Even the appearance of menstruation in this period, which cannot be considered late. Nevertheless, the secretions must be monitored. There is no cause for concern if they leak slightly, are insignificant and completely painless. If there is heaviness in the abdomen, swelling of the mammary glands, nausea, drowsiness, then there is a high probability of pregnancy, so it's too early to panic. It is best to seek help from a doctor.

Why does bleeding occur?

After replanting the embryos, bleeding may well begin, and this does not mean that this is menstruation - the reason for the failure of the embryo to take root. It happens that a woman has overworked, which should not be allowed when replanting and you need to be careful. Or the reason lies in the lack of progesterone, other hormones in the body. Of course, the risk of miscarriage is huge. If they did appear:

• strong bleeding;
• heaviness in the abdomen;
• attempts in the lower abdomen, as with menstruation, it is better to consult a doctor.

Although the symptoms should not cause panic, since the uterine cavity after the manipulations of doctors can be injured and any wrong movement of a woman, namely lifting weights, excessive zeal can lead to pain in the lower abdomen and small bruises.

This is the norm. This condition happens with a duration of up to 12-14 weeks, and you should not worry about this. In order to be sure whether pregnancy has occurred or IVF has not worked, it is necessary to take a blood test for hCG on an empty stomach. A regular pregnancy test from a pharmacy can become erroneous.

It is normal even when bleeding occurs in the first 2–3 months after the embryo transfer, but the lower abdomen should not hurt, and only moderate discharge is acceptable. On the other hand, an attempt to get pregnant may fail when menstruation begins on the 7-8th day after embryo transfer and the reasons for this:

• the development of an inflammatory process in the cervix;
• reduced quantity and quality of sperm and eggs;
• the presence of bad habits in a woman after replanting an embryo, drinking alcohol, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle;
• genetic incompatibility when taking biomaterial from partners;
• strong growth of the endometrium outside the uterus;
• the presence of low quality blastocysts or genetic defects.

What are the possible complications?

Only 40% of women manage to get pregnant after IVF. But in most cases, even at conception, complications often occur, which interferes with the further normal course of pregnancy.

Perhaps the development of a tumor or intrauterine pregnancy, requiring urgent surgery to remove the fallopian tubes. Or a frozen pregnancy, in the event of an embryo stopping in development at a certain time. Unfortunately, such phenomena in the form of complications even after the survival of the embryo occur frequently. Less often, in women, hyperstimulation syndrome is detected during pregnancy, against the background of a failure of the menstrual cycle after embryo replanting. There is a failure of the menstrual cycle and menstruation is delayed, just on the 7-9th day after the embryo transfer.

Menstruation can go on for several more months in a row, but they change in nature, duration, and abundance. This is the norm. After such an artificial intervention for fertilization as an eco-period, it may well be. Even in the case of a successful IVF attempt, with ovarian hyperstimulation,.

If there are no periods, then pregnancy is most likely. Although, in order to make sure that the procedure went well, it is important for women to take timely tests and undergo hCG, according to the results of which it will be seen whether the long-awaited pregnancy has occurred.

What day is my period after embryo transfer?

As a rule, menstruation goes on the 6th day. When they appear, an attempt at in vitro fertilization, again, can not always be considered unsuccessful. Eco is a rather complicated procedure and many factors must be taken into account. Not many women manage to get pregnant on the first try, but do not despair. If the discharge is pink and not abundant, then most likely it is, which means everything worked out. This only speaks of the successful introduction and attachment of the fetal egg to the walls of the uterus. When bleeding in women, weakness appears, some discomfort and this is normal.

But menstruation can also begin with a hormonal imbalance in the body, so it is important for a woman to remain under the supervision of a doctor even after the IVF procedure. Special drugs may be prescribed to achieve a balance and the required level of progesterone and estradiol. It happens that spotting occurs with this imbalance and an urgent adjustment of the doses of medications is necessary. Nevertheless, often the appearance of menstruation indicates the rejection of the fetal egg, when it is no longer possible to do without urgent hospitalization of a woman in order to preserve the onset of pregnancy, to keep the embryo in the uterine cavity.

What signs indicate that pregnancy has come?

Signs after embryo replanting are not much different from natural pregnancy. Possible appearance:

Symptoms only indicate pregnancy, intolerance to certain odors. Taste sensations change, nausea appears in the morning. Although these symptoms are indirect, and of course, they can be compared with premenstrual syndrome in women. When menstruation appears after embryo transfer, you can use a test strip, which can be purchased at a pharmacy, but of course, it will not give 100% certainty about the onset of pregnancy. To conclude that the pregnancy took place at 100%, it is possible only after passing the test for hCG.

With eco-implantation, implantation can occur quite late, only on day 8, so spotting bleeding comparable to menstruation may well appear. But it's not the same. Implantation bleeding is not heavy, faster and somewhat different from normal periods.

The appearance of menstruation on the 10th day may indicate:

In addition, the perception of eco by women as an unsuccessful attempt can provoke a hormonal surge in the body, lead to irritation of the nerve fibers in the pelvic area, discomfort and enlargement of the uterus, and as a result, to bloody discharge.

After IVF, it is no exception if menstruation appeared after the embryo transfer. With non-fertilization of the immobility of the egg or with blood clots from the genital tract. In such cases, medical attention is required. Maybe there is still a chance of saving the pregnancy.

If the embryo managed to survive, and it attached itself after replanting, then on the 10th day you can check the onset of pregnancy with a homemade regular test. By this time, as a rule, the level of hCG is already noticeably elevated. If everything is normal, then the woman, as in a normal pregnancy, will have an ultrasound scan on day 21 to monitor the presentation and the formation of the fetus.

Of course, the absence of menstruation is the first sign that everything went fine. But even in the absence of pregnancy, menstruation may not occur against the background of hormonal imbalance, experienced unrest and surgical procedures transferred at the time of embryo planting.

After an unsuccessful attempt at IVF, a delay in menstruation for 2-3 weeks is possible, although most women say that they start on time. The arrival of menstruation just in time speaks only of the well-coordinated work of the reproductive system and the high probability that the next attempt at IVF is likely to be successful.

During IVF, a woman's body undergoes changes not provided for by nature associated with the use of hormonal drugs. This is necessary to prepare the endometrium so that the implanted embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus and begins to develop.

For these purposes, patients are prescribed the administration of the hormones progesterone and estradiol. Consider what happens to the uterus in the natural menstrual cycle and what bloody discharge after IVF indicates.

The endometrium is the inner layer of the uterus, subject to constant cyclical changes under the influence of sex hormones. During the menstrual cycle (MC), the functional layer is rejected in it, its restoration, growth and secretion.

The recovery and growth phase occurs in the first half of the MC (starting from the fifth day) under the influence of estrogens and low doses of progesterone, it corresponds to the follicular phase of the ovaries. The secretion phase corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovaries, occurs under the influence of progesterone and estrogen, takes the second half of the menstrual cycle (from ovulation to menstruation).

The highest secretion activity is on days 20-22 (6-8 days after ovulation), if the cycle is 28 days. At this time, changes occur in the vessels - the arteries writhe, the veins expand, the cells of the mucous membrane are filled with nutrients. The endometrium is ready for implantation, this is the most favorable time for it.

Starting from the 24th to the 27th day, the conditions for implantation worsen - there is a decrease in the nutrition of the endometrium, capillaries expand, and small hemorrhages appear. In connection with the extinction of the corpus luteum and the fall in the level of sex hormones, oxygen starvation of the inner layer of the uterus occurs.

Arteries spasm, become brittle, blood circulation is disturbed, hemorrhages and blood clots form. After this, vasodilation occurs, increased blood flow leads to their rupture and rejection of the mucous layer, which is manifested by menstrual bleeding.

IVF

More often spotting occurs on the 8-9th day after embryo transfer during IVF. This process should not cause panic, everything is quite understandable. During IVF, inadequate changes in the endometrium occur under the influence of large doses of externally administered hormones.

The tone of the uterus increases, the vessels and the entire coagulation system undergo more pronounced changes under the influence of superload. This may be one of the causes of discharge after IVF embryo transfer.

Thus, the non-physiological effect of hormones on the endometrium in IVF cycles can lead to inadequate proliferation and secretion of the endometrium, its greater friability and trauma, this process is also affected by the degree of susceptibility of the receptors of the functional layer of the uterus to sex hormones.

Allocations after IVF can be brown, smearing, or abundant sanious - pink. Bright scarlet discharge should alert the woman and the gynecologist due to the threat of bleeding.

The hormonal load during the protocol affects the blood clotting system, which can malfunction and lead to profuse bleeding after embryo transfer.

Implantation

If the natural fertilization of the egg occurs, the pre-implantation period begins immediately, which is replaced by the implantation of the embryo (5-6 days after fertilization). Then the egg is crushed. With a spontaneous pregnancy, the egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube, and the promotion of the blastocyst and its attachment to the uterus provides a certain ratio of the concentration of female hormones. On the fourth day after fertilization, the zygote at the morula stage enters the uterus.

Immediately after that, it turns into a blastocyst. At this point, the endometrium of the uterus should be ready to receive and provide nutrition to the embryo. The place of attachment is selected according to the local features of the uterine mucosa. The mucosal glands must be filled with secretions, trace elements, and nutrients.

This process takes 2 days. In the endometrium, the vessels expand: capillaries, veins. An implantation window is formed (6-7 days after ovulation). If the transformation of the embryo and the endometrium of the uterus are not synchronous, then implantation may not occur, or the pregnancy may be terminated at an early stage.

The IVF process involves the transfer of embryos into the uterine cavity after ovarian puncture for 2-6 days. By this time, the implantation window should form, the ratio of hormones and the state of the endometrium should play in unison.

Spotting after embryo transfer before measuring hCG may be a sign of ongoing implantation against the background of greater vascular fragility and increased blood supply to the uterine mucosa.

Gynecologists are trying to create the required conditions artificially, but the level of hormones administered is much higher than the numbers provided by nature, and their effect on the endometrium is far from ideal. An additional traumatic agent is the transfer of blastocysts using a catheter.

No matter how carefully this happens, microtrauma cannot be avoided. After embryo transfer, brown discharge is proof of this. The duration of the corpus luteum of induced ovaries is less than usual by 2-3 days, which can also disrupt implantation.

Until the fact of conception is confirmed by measuring the level of hCG, pregnancy support is carried out according to the IVF protocol. If synchronization of all processes has not occurred, one of the mechanisms fails, implantation does not occur. In this case, after the cancellation of support, menstruation should begin after 5 days.

With the onset of pregnancy, it is necessary to confirm the presence of an embryo in the uterine cavity using ultrasound. There are situations when spotting after embryo transfer is a sign of an ectopic pregnancy.

In this case, the blastocyst traveled back from the uterine cavity to the lumen of the fallopian tube and decided to attach itself there. I didn’t like the conditions in the mucosa, or there was a throw into the pipe, unable to transport it back.

The success rate of IVF with three treatment attempts reaches 50%, early termination of pregnancy occurs in 25% of cases due to the fault of the woman or due to the poor quality of the embryo. Therefore, all cases of spotting at any time of IVF deserve the close attention of gynecologists.